Table 4 Other combination of chemotherapy drugs and immunotherapy agents
| Carrier design (Structure/Injection route) | Chemotherapy agent | Immunotherapy agents | Tumor type | Synergic actions and advantages of NPs in the combination | Refs. |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Lipid NPs (Pegylated liposome/IV) | DOX | Alendronate | Female Balb/C and Sabra tumor models |
High loading efficiency of DOX and increased stability in biological fluids More potent activation of the inflammasome pathway leading to 40-fold greater secretion of IL-1β High therapeutic efficacy due to synergy of alendronate and DOX | [170] |
| (Hydrogel/SC) | Melittin-RADA32 | Melanoma |
Considerable tumor inhibition with the activated NK cells recruitment in the tumors Regulation of innate immune cells, direct anti-cancer and immune-stimulating capabilities Activation of DCs of draining lymph nodes, production of CTLs, and depletion of M2-like TAMs | [171] | |
| (pH-sensitive smart nanocubes/IV) | pOVA vaccine | Melanoma, MQ model and lung carcinoma |
Higher anti-tumor efficacy, longer survival rates, and increased tumor inhibition ratio compared to monotherapy Higher OVA protein production Provoking humoral immunity after a single injection and significant humoral immunogenic memory production | [172] | |
| Polymeric NPs (Polymerized β-cyclodextrin/Intratumoral) | PTX | NO | Melanoma, mammary carcinoma, lymphoma and colon carcinoma |
Synergistic cytotoxicity and induction of ICD on tumor cells Activation and expansion of DCs leading to expansion of CTLs | [173] |
| (Dual-pH-sensitive micelle system /Tail vein) | LXR agonist RGX-104 | Breast cancer |
Significant tumor accumulation, as well as tumor growth suppression Reducing immunosuppressive MDSCs levels and increasing infiltration and anti-tumor effect of CTLs Effective increase in expression of ApoE in tumor tissues Suppression of TGF-β and IL-10 production and enhancement of the number of CD4+ and CD8+ T cells | [174] | |
| Hybrid NPs (HA coated cationic albumin NPs/Tail vein) | Celastrol | IDO inhibitor, 1-methyltryptophan | Pancreatic cancer |
Increase in cytotoxicity, apoptosis induction, and tumor inhibition Downregulation of the immunosuppressive TME through upregulating CD4+ T cells in the spleen | [175] |
| Nanogel (Folated pH-degradable PVA/Tail vein) | DTX | IDO1 inhibitor, NLG919 | Breast cancer |
Increased intratumoral infiltration of CTLs and NK cells and inhibition of MDSCs infiltration Regulation of IDO1-mediated immunosuppressive TME | [136] |
| Lipid NPs (Liposome/IV) | DOX | IDO1 inhibitor, Indoximod | Metastatic breast cancer |
Significant increase in anti-breast cancer immune response Remarkable tumor cell elimination at the primary tumor sites, as well as metastatic sites Activation of CTLs, depletion of Tregs, and enhancement in CD8+/FOXP3+ T cell ratios Less toxicity in liver, heart, and kidney compared to free DOX | (176) |